Topical Treatments for Melasma and Their Mechanism of Action
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4.1 Revisiting classical pathways: context-dependent roles of Nrf2 and HDAC inhibition SFN activates the Nrf2 pathway through covalent modification of specific cysteine residues (Cys151, Cys273, and Cys288) on the Keap1 protein, leading to Nrf2 stabilization, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activation of cytoprotective genes including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and glutathione biosynthesis enzymes ( Similarly, SFNs function as an HDAC inhibitor extends beyond histone hyperacetylation, establishing it as a broad-spectrum epigenetic modulator in cancer chemoprevention