Gene expression analysis in ARPE-19 cells was conducted by amplifying the following genes: SOD2 (protein name: superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial), CAT (protein name: catalase), HMOX1 (protein name: heme oxygenase 1), SNAL1 (protein name: Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 1), ZEB1 (protein name: Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1), TWIST1 (protein name: Twist Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1), VIM (protein name: Vimentin), FN1 (protein name: Fibronectin 1), ACTA2 (protein name: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle) and GAPDH (protein name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
Considerations Slower onset: Because the peptide must traverse the nasal membranes and then enter general circulation (and eventually reach brain/central nervous system targets), the onset tends to be more gradual
It is recommended to use the minimal effective dose and avoid continuous use to mitigate risks, such as potential tumor growth due to increased angiogenesis and upregulation of growth hormone receptors at injury sites 1 2
For a broader overview of sourcing standards across compound categories, see this peptide sciences research guide