To date, research on the role of the EG in S-AKI has mostly been performed in cells or animals, and there have been very few clinical studies
In severe cases, adults may develop osteomalacia (soft bones), whilst children may develop rickets Fatigue and low mood : Persistent tiredness and depressive symptoms, though there is no official link definitively established between vitamin D levels and mood disorders Increased infection susceptibility : Some evidence suggests a link with recurrent respiratory infections, though clinical trial evidence is mixed and benefits appear modest Hair loss : Some observational studies have associated diffuse hair thinning with low vitamin D levels, though this relationship requires further research Vitamin B12 deficiency typically develops gradually and can cause significant neurological and haematological complications: Anaemia symptoms : Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and palpitations due to megaloblastic anaemia Neurological manifestations : Paraesthesia (pins and needles), particularly in hands and feet
Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced glutathione concentrations in a study by Jain et al
WIPI proteins serve as PI3P effectors and function as an adaptor for the lipidation machinery (ATG16L1 complex) driving membrane expansion in a PI3P-dependent manner (60, 65) ( Figure 1 , panel 2)
