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doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.002

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Symptoms Excruciating pain Difficulty in walking and standing for extended periods Worst pain in the morning upon rising and stepping out of bed Pain decreases with movement but can recur after long periods of standing or sitting Etiology Poorly understood cause Most common cause of heel pain Tension and stress on the fascia can cause small tears and inflammation Wear and tear from walking or running can result in degeneration of the fascia Heel spurs are a consequence, not the cause, of plantar fasciitis Risk Factors Age (between 40 and 60) High-impact exercises Flat feet or high arches Obesity Occupations that require prolonged standing or walking on hard surfaces Complications Ignoring plantar fasciitis can lead to chronic heel pain and affect overall posture Modifying walking or standing patterns due to pain can increase the risk of injury in other areas of the body Treatment Conservative treatment options are effective in 90% of cases Heel cups, night splints, orthotics, and shoe modifications OTC nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications Physical therapy and stretching exercises Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) injections Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) , a proven treatment with multiple clinical trials and meta-analyses showing its efficacy Conclusion ESWT has been shown to effectively treat plantar fasciitis and is also used in musculoskeletal medicine for various conditions

In the lungs, after entering in type II alveolar cells, SARS-CoV-2 infected cells become defective for surfactant production (Ghati et al., 2021) and release cytokines, like IL-8 among others, which in turn activate alveolar macrophages to release IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-, that induce natural killer and dendritic cell differentiation and macrophage M1 polarization, enhancing the proinflammatory response with increased vasodilation causing neutrophil and activated T cell influx from the capillaries into the alveolus, all leading to the cytokine storm (Carcaterra and Caruso, 2021