Endogenous antioxidants Catalase Glutathione Glutathione peroxidase Superoxide dismutase (SOD) CoQ10 (endogenous and exogenous) Exogenous antioxidants Carotenoids Polyphenols Probiotics Selenium Vitamin C and E Zinc Sources of different types of nutritional antioxidants The role of nutritional antioxidants in Adrenal hormone function Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and role of selenium and ascorbic acid supplements Health benefits of probiotics and their effects on brain, gut, and microbiome (BGM) axis modulating of HPA axis and cortisol release The BGM axis network of routes that facilitate the exchange of information and signals encompasses neuronal elements (vagus nerve, neurotransmitters, and enteric nervous system), the HPA axis, and stress hormones like cortisol
Additionally, comorbidities that promote systemic inflammation, such as diabetes, obesity, or sleep apnea, also contribute [13]
TIMI, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
For imaging, superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) decorated with exendin-4 were encapsulated in phospholipid bilayers, forming magnetoliposomes with a T 2 relativity of 220 mM 1 s 1 that permit -cell magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without additional contrast agents [120]
