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Key Takeaways Section 13 Pass-through PBMs remove rebate retention and spread pricing from the PBM revenue model, replacing them with transparent PMPM administrative fees, but hold less than 10% combined market share as of 2025

The result is a meaningful reduction in calorie intake that does not depend on willpower alone

When used in clinical practice, it facilitates more timely health behaviour changes and medical therapy by delaying progression to ESKD, providing more time for individuals and their loved ones to plan and learn more

When examining SHBG levels, all studies contributed except for Jensterle et al