In some embodiments, a concentration of the otoprotectant is at least or about 0.001 mM, 0.005 mM, 0.01 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.10 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM, 50 mM, 60 mM, 70 mM, 80 mM, 90 mM, 100 mM, 120 mM, 140 mM, 160 mM, 180 mM, 200 mM, or more than 200 mM
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A 2022 study in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found that subjects who applied L-ascorbic acid followed immediately by GHK-Cu experienced 40% higher transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and delayed barrier recovery compared to those who separated application by eight hours or more
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