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However, this study was not limited to lumbar spinal stenosis and included low back pain of differing etiologies

HTN: hypertension, BP: blood pressure, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, FMD: Flow-Mediated Dilation, CVD: cardiovascular, CKD: chronic kidney disease, MDA: Malonyl dialdehyde

Neuroendocrine normalization: Studies in aged animal models document normalized anterior pituitary function and restored luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone pulsatility following administration

increased copper levels promote LDL oxidation and stimulate the production of oxidized lipoproteins, thus promoting the formation of atherosclerotic plaques (61)