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Salzmann A, James SN, Williams DM, Richards M, Cadar D, Schott JM, et al

(1997) Affinity fusion strategies for detection, purification, and immobilization of recombinant proteins

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Peptide structure and stability What peptides are: Chains of amino acids Held together by peptide bonds Specific 3D structure required for function Fragile molecules compared to small molecule drugs Why peptides are unstable: Peptide bonds susceptible to hydrolysis (water breaks bonds) Oxidation damages certain amino acids Temperature accelerates degradation Light exposure causes photo-degradation pH changes denature structure Bacterial contamination introduces enzymes that break peptides Degradation mechanisms: Temperature's exponential effect: Every 10C temperature increase roughly doubles degradation rate Room temperature (25C): Rapid degradation (days) Refrigerated (2-8C): Slow degradation (weeks-months) Frozen (-20C): Very slow degradation (years) Ultra-frozen (-80C): Minimal degradation (5+ years) Learn peptide fundamentals at SeekPeptides - explore what are peptides , how peptides work , and getting started with peptides