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This paper is the first to report the cloning of LEPRs

It acts directly on neighboring -cells to inhibit the secretion of glucagon and can also indirectly influence -cells by inhibiting the secretion of other hormones.243 In the local islet environment, a high concentration of somatostatin creates an inhibitory milieu, further reducing the activity of -cells and the secretion of glucagon.244 Additionally, somatostatin can inhibit gastrointestinal activity, reducing the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and gastric acid, thereby indirectly decreasing the demand for glucagon.245,246 Hence, GLP-1 activates -cells and promotes somatostatin secretion, forming a multi-layered inhibitory mechanism that effectively reduces glucagon secretion

Cytokines such as interleukin-6 play a central role in stimulating hepcidin expression