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A role of oxidative stress in GO is supported by a number of basic studies suggesting that ROS promote the proliferation of OFs and the release of GAGs, the synthesis and secretion of cytokines, and the expression of other factors involved in the pathogenesis of GO, namely heat shock protein 72 (HSP-72), HLA-DR and ICAM-1 ( Figure 1 In this context, a number of studies, performed both in vitro and in vivo , investigated the effects of antioxidant agents in GO, including selenium, pentoxifylline, quercetin, enalapril, vitamin C, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and melatonin ( Oxidative Stress and Proliferation of Orbital Fibroblasts Burch et al
Genetic testing for vitamin D-related polymorphisms holds promise for personalizing vitamin D therapy but is not yet ready for routine clinical use
More precise measurements of heme catabolism can be determined from measuring endogenous bilirubin production or generation of carbon monoxide
They approach what bariatric surgery produces, which is roughly 25 to 30% weight reduction, and they do so with a weekly subcutaneous injection rather than a surgical procedure
