Ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs in a variety of conditions including shock, vascular surgery, strangulated bowel, trauma, intestinal volvulus, and intestinal transplantation, leaving both human and veterinary patients with a decreased chance of survival as the mucosal barrier is lost due to resultant tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and cellular infiltration [60,62]
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These data show that the BBB is damaged in ex vivo , in vitro , and in vivo models of diabetes in association with brain microvascular endothelial cells/pericyte impairment and inflammation [79]