Kojic acid is typically used in lower concentrations of 1%2%
Serine can be converted to glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase [106], being important for different metabolic pathways, such as sphingolipids, nucleotide, and glutathione (antioxidant intracellular responses) biosynthesis and folate cycle (one-carbon metabolism) [106,107,108]
Best for: Increasing collagen Minimizing pore appearance Brightening and refining tone Immediate glow All skin types IPL Photofacial IPL uses intense pulsed light to target pigmentation, redness, and sun damage, revealing a more even, radiant complexion
KPV, derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, has been studied for its anti-inflammatory properties in skin and gut conditions