glp-1 gip mechanism of action Receptor Agonists GLP1 receptor agonist @nejm revisión

Patients should be counseled to take the medication with no more than 4 ounces of plain water on an empty stomach

doi:10.1580/1080-6032(1997)008[0111:ROEBAG]2.3.CO;2

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) are hormones naturally released from the gut in response to food

While its precise etiology remains unclear, growing evidence implicates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as key contributors to its pathophysiology ( Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammationall of which may exacerbate pain sensitization and fatigue in FM ( Mitochondrial dysfunction in Redox imbalance is marked by decreased CoQ10 levels, reduced mitochondrial DNA content, and impaired electron transport chain activity, leading to excessive ROS production and decreased ATP synthesis