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Some studies have reported a benefit in elite endurance athletes with a high energy intake and expenditure

Human endocrine studies involving related compounds have reported measurable increases in circulating growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 biomarkers during supervised clinical investigations

However, we discovered that these peptides are also functional substrates of transglutaminase (TGM) 2, also called tissue TGM, and that structural disruption of the epidermis was repaired when these tetravalent peptides were applied topically as cross-linking substrates, regardless of possible interaction with MGL1 or MGL2

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