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1 Introduction Neuropathic pain is a debilitating neural disorder following the disruption of neurons function and structure, mainly in the somatosensory system ( Chronic constriction injury (CCI) is a model of neuropathic pain, based on nerve damage caused by actual or potential tissue stimuli ( Following nerve damage, the signals released from the nerve terminals contribute to microglial activation and propagation of inflammatory cytokines ( Astaxanthin (AST), 3,3-Dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4-dione, is a natural and red-orange keto-carotenoid that belongs to xanthophylls ( Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate the effects of AST on CCI-induced neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction, highlighting its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities passing through opioid/benzodiazepine receptors

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Metabolism & Elimination Limited characterization of specific metabolic pathways has been published for both peptides: CJC-1295 (NO DAC): Peptidase-mediated degradation represents primary metabolic pathway Four amino acid substitutions provide enhanced resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase-IV Metabolites and degradation products not fully characterized in published literature Clearance from circulation within hours despite sustained pharmacodynamic effects Ipamorelin: Clearance of 0.078 L/h/kg in human pharmacokinetic studies Rapid elimination from plasma following distribution phase Metabolic pathways likely involve proteolytic cleavage at peptide bonds No significant accumulation observed with repeated dosing in animal models A notable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic disconnect exists: despite relatively short plasma half-lives (30 minutes to 2 hours), growth hormone secretory effects persist for 6+ hours, suggesting either active metabolites, tissue retention, or persistent receptor signaling cascade activation