doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216682 Summary Keywords glucoraphanin, sulforaphane, Nrf2 signaling, ferroptosis, tumor microenvironment Citation Zhao Z, Chen Q, Qiao X, Wang J, Ali ZTA, Li J and Yin L (2025) Sulforaphane in cancer precision medicine: from biosynthetic origins to multiscale mechanisms and clinical translation
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 79.Traka M., Gasper A.V., Melchini A., Bacon J.R., Needs P.W., Frost V., Chantry A., Jones A.M., Ortori C.A., Barrett D.A., et al
How Topical GHK-Cu Works Topical copper peptides act locally on the skin to: Stimulate fibroblasts Increase collagen and elastin production Improve skin thickness and texture Support the skin barrier Benefits of Topical Copper Peptides Non-invasive and easy to use Lower systemic exposure (especially in individuals with elevated or high-normal copper levels) Ideal for long-term skin maintenance Helpful for fine lines, wrinkles, tone, and texture Well-suited for prevention and early intervention Limitations Localized effects only Results are gradual and require consistent use Best For Patients focused on skin longevity and appearance Preventative or maintenance care Those who prefer non-injectable options Injectable Copper Peptides (GHK-Cu) Injectable GHK-Cu delivers copper peptides systemically , meaning effects extend beyond the skin
On one hand, increased cytochrome C release caused by mitochondrial calcium overload inhibits the negative feedback effect of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ on IP3 receptors, while on the other, it activates caspase3 to cleave IP3 receptors, hence forming a vicious cycle of massive calcium release from the ER[28]
