Incretin-based drugs fall into two main categories: DPP-4 inhibitors (like sitagliptin and linagliptin), which block the enzyme that degrades incretin hormones to boost insulin and reduce glucagon levels, and GLP-1 analogues (such as liraglutide and dulaglutide), which mimic natural GLP-1 to enhance insulin release, slow digestion, and promote satiety
These mechanisms are disease-stage dependent and are discussed in the clinical context in Section 6.3
Methods We searched in four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) from inception to 1 November 2022 (updated on March 20, 2023) for potentially relevant records without language restrictions
Additionally, if urination is accompanied by lower extremity swelling, significant changes in urine color (very dark or tea-colored), persistent foamy urine (which may suggest protein in the urine requiring testing), or decreased urine output despite fluid intake, kidney function should be evaluated
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