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Based on their role, several distinct subsets of macrophages have been defined: (1) classically activated macrophages ( M1 ) which mediate antimicrobial defense via secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (2) alternatively activated macrophages ( M2 ) with anti-inflammatory function, (3) regulatory macrophages ( Mregs ) which secrete large amounts of IL10, (4) tumor-associated macrophages ( TAMs ) which suppress anti-tumor immunity, and finally (5) myeloid-derived suppressor cells ( MDSCs ) as a group of immature cells linked to TAMs [125]

Those who smoked cigarettes were particularly likely to smoke menthol flavored cigarettes