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The retention of tobacco smoke constituents in the human respiratory tract

Compared to preschool children with mothers who took nutritional supplements and had no ETS during pregnancy, participants with prenatal exposure to ETS and had mothers who did not take nutritional supplements during pregnancy had the highest risk of obesity (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.211.62 for ETS exposure and no multivitamin supplementation

While vaping with lower nicotine concentrations may be less harmful than smoking cigarettes, it is not necessarily 'better,' as both have their own associated risks

Inflammatory and oxidative responses induced by exposure to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquids without nicotine