Medwakh smokers showed enrichment of periodontopathogens in low-caries subjects and higher Klebsiella pneumoniae levels in high-caries subjects, highlighting microbiota-based differences in caries susceptibility [57]
On the other hand, compounds such as nicotine, polycyclic aromatic compounds, nitrosamines, and heavy metals are predominantly found in the particulate phase, which is absorbed by mucous membranes, skin, alveoli, and the gastrointestinal system (5)
Critically, our findings are not meant to detract from the substantive cancer risks associated with smoking which remains the single largest preventable cause of cancer worldwide [54], and for which even very low levels of exposure are associated with an increased risk of cancer [46]
This popularity and quality reputation continues with his grandson, with customers from near and far seeking the specialized collection curated by Steve