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Hypertension, 37 (2), 187193

The government also said there was consistent evidence that young Australians who vape are about three times more likely to take up tobacco smoking

While vapes and e-cigarettes are technically regulated by the FDA, a lack of sufficient research and a thriving black market has made it so that there are plenty of unsafe vapes, vape cartridges, and e-cigarettes out there that can release heavy metals and toxins and cause serious lung damage, even death

Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis In the present study, a modified Mendelian randomisation approach was performed to investigate a potential causal relationship 36,65 , in which non-pleiotropic polygenic risk scores (i.e., the valid-PRS) were established as instrument variables of randomised experiments for potential causal inference