do e cigarettes cause health problems Vaping Research Alerts Health effects and known pathology

do e cigarettes cause health problems

do e cigarettes cause health problems Vaping Research Alerts Health effects and known pathology

Name: do e cigarettes cause health problems Vaping Research Alerts Health effects and known pathology
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MR is based on three key assumptions: 1) the genetic variants used as instruments for the exposure must be valid and robustly associated with the exposure, 2) there should be no measured or unmeasured confounding of the association between the genetic instrument and the outcome, and 3) the variants should have no independent effect on the outcome other than through the exposure of interest 17