Due to the small number of poor and fair responses, we recoded the variable on a 4-point scale by combing poor and fair so that: 1=poor/fair, 2=good, 3=very good, and 4=excellent
Clinical Trial Registry number NCT06019910, Similar content being viewed by others Introduction Hypertension is the leading risk factor for loss of disability-adjusted life-years, followed by smoking [1]
However, policy-relevant research questions such as whether and how tobacco control policies successfully decrease tobacco consumption often demand internationally comparable longitudinal or time-series data that are not readily accessible to most researchers or policymakers.1 Beyond year-over-year trends in tobacco consumption, the historical trajectory of a countrys tobacco epidemic could point to important causal mechanisms for the successful control of tobacco use.2 3 Lopez, Collishaw and Pihas (LCP) highly influential model of cigarette epidemics in developed country contexts put forth a typology in which smoking prevalence and consumption begins at a low level, rises rapidly (primarily among men) for two to three decades, begins a decline following the implementation of comprehensive tobacco control policies and finally transitions to a slowly decreasing plateau.4 This sequence of events was hypothesised to occur asynchronously depending on each countrys level of development and could be averted altogether if interventions were implemented in the early stages of the tobacco epidemic.4 Although the LCP models generalisable concave inverted U model of longitudinal cigarette use prevalence has been shown to accurately describe many countries experiences,5 the actual progression of cigarette epidemics can vary widely by country
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