The inhalation of flavored E-liquid aerosols, including those free of nicotine, can induce inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress capable of damaging lung tissues 24 , in addition to promoting pulmonary and cardiac remodeling 25
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It still provides a certain level of filtration but at a lower cost, making it an attractive option for manufacturers aiming to offer more affordable products
There were three passive smoking exposures of interest: Maternal smoking during pregnancy (in utero exposure) Parental smoking during childhood (childhood exposure) Adult passive smoking (adult exposure) Maternal and parental smoking was determined based on a yes or no response